Mexican Culture Essay Example for Free

Mexican Culture Essay Food if one of the aesthetic identification of culture and tradition as it marks its progress from generation to generation, and history to history. Mexican cooking began with the arrival of humans in Mexico and as various cultures influence their cuisine, the tradition and cultural background of their menu have began to evolve. Mexican food, as we know it today, has had its primary origin in the 16th century from the introduction of European plants and food products by Spanish conquerors. This traditional mix-up has provided modification in their cuisine, which is currently evident in the Mexican food tradition. Aside from its exquisite delicacy and characteristics, Mexican food provides therapeutic function and use commonly in homemade treatment proceedings. The herbs and ingredients in the Mexican food are the key points for the provision of therapeutic action. Mexican herbs are unique in their own way. The characteristic of these herbs are the essential contributing factor for this therapy to be possible. In the course of our discussion, the Mexican culture, evidently in terms of food- wine and restaurants, shall be the primary focus of the study. The involvements of wine and food, in the sense of therapeutic action, as the primary traditional influence shall be elaborated and defined in the study. The influence of food and herbs in Mexican traditional therapy shall be also tackled in the course of discussion. Lastly, we shall explore the San Francisco California Bay and the Mexican celebration of Cinco de Mayo. The Mexican culture possesses a heritage in every unique aspect that greatly denounces its aesthetic value. Home or Traditional Therapies – Food and Herbs The Mexican traditions are composed of exquisite herbs and ingredients that provide therapeutic effects. The traditional home of Mexicans possesses no or less frequently refrigerating facility, supplies designed for classical lifestyle, and tradition rich in practical home-therapies; hence, they are more accustomed in their traditional therapeutic intervention utilizing their natural sources. In fact, Mexican possesses evident indulgence in their traditions that they prefer to have their food, and other home condiments in natural estate or made from nature-oriented proceeding. This greatly improves their health conditions, and provides them with practical source of therapeutic interventions. The basic feature of Mexican foods is its unique way of expressing its spiciness and traditional aroma. One of the spices that provide therapeutic effects in the body is the Capsaicin, which is a primary constituent of peppers such as the jalapeno and the habanero. Capsaicin has several uses, including use in personal defense sprays and as to relieve arthritis pain. When first applied to skin, capsaicin causes local heating and irritation. However, after repeated use, the area becomes desensitized to pain without loss of the sense of touch (Fox Whitesell, 1997 p. 550). Capsaicin pepper has been found to work as an anticoagulant, thus possibly helping to prevent heart attacks or strokes caused by the formation of clots in blood vessels. It also stimulates the production of endorphins, which is the body’s natural painkillers, and kills the stomach bacterium known to cause ulcers. Another pepper is the Cayene, which is an important constituent of Mexican hot sauce. Cayene adds the spicy zip to many ethnic foods, such as Thai and Mexican food, and can be used in marinades and barbecue sauces. This pepper is rich in vitamin C, A, B-complex, E and other minerals (Balch, p. 147 2003). Another food ingredient of Mexican foods that possesses therapeutic aid is the pumpkin seeds. The seeds from the pumpkin, also known as pepitas, are popular ingredient in Mexican dishes, and are available with or without their shells. This pepitas provide essential means of treating constipation due to its fiber content. Moreover, it is blended with Mexican traditional recipes such as burittos or Nachos, not only to provide exquisite taste but also to institute unique flavoring. These pepitas are high in calories and insoluble fibers, which help primarily in inducing in digestive tract thereby facilitating decrease of occurrence of constipation (Gilbert, 2000 p. 178). In terms of Mexican wine, it provides unique blends of tradition served in stemmed glasses. Wine is the usual pair of Mexican foods in order to suit the spiciness of the dishes. Mexican wine classifications possess the usual red and white wine, which are primarily obtained from fruits mixed with spices. The northern end of Baja California is one of the places in Mexico that is known to brew wine at its best (Dumois, n. d). Citizens of Mazahua and Otoml living in Central Mexico drink pulque from childhood, because of both its nutritional properties and scarcity of water. Pulque is an alcoholic beverage obtained from maguey, which composes primarily of complex fruit sugars (Peele Grant, 1999 p. 93). Wine quickens the pulse, raises the spirits, and prophylactic against disease and as a dietetic aid. It is also used as medicine in acute and chronic diseases. Wine is proven good for cardiovascular system, especially in reducing risks of arteriosclerosis or other cardiovascular-degenerative disorders. Food Herbs Mexican Traditions Mexican diet of today is rich in a variety of foods and dishes that represent a blend of pre-Columbian, Spanish, French, and more recently, American culture. The typical Mexican diet is rich in complex carbohydrates, provided mainly by corn and corn products, beans, rice, and breads, The typical Mexican diet contains an adequate amount of protein in the forms of beans, eggs, fish and shellfish, and a variety of meats, including beef, pork, poultry, and goat. Because of the extensive use of frying as a cooking method, the Mexican diet is also high in fat. The nutrients most likely to be inadequately provided are calcium, iron, vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin C (Spark, 2007 p. 258). In many cultures, food has symbolic meanings related to family traditions, social status, and even health. Indeed, many folk remedies rely on food. Some of these have gained wide acceptance, such as the use of spices and herbal teas for purposes ranging from allaying anxiety to preventing cancer and heart disease. Mexicans use these herbal teas as dietary or reducing drinks to induce further or hasten metabolism as well as digestive functions. In fact, herbal teas are healthy enough that the old Mexican traditions practice its drinking almost everyday. This tea is composed of basic Mexican herbs, such as cinnamon, parsely, etc. , and blended with intrinsic Mexican spices; hence, some of their teas are blended with mild spiciness (Insel etal, 2004 p. 9). The traditional Mexican diet is rich in fresh vegetables, which are generally used only when in season. The spices used in Mexican cooking are common to many cuisines, and yet, there are a number of seasonings that are unique to Mexican food. Chile peppers are used as a dry spice as well as a fresh ingredient. There are many types, with the most common being ancho, habenero, jalapeno, New Mexican green, New Mexican Red, poblano and Serrano. These peppers range from mild, like poblano, to the extremely hot habanero. Other herbs and spices that flavor Mexican cuisine are anise, cilantro, cinnamon, clove, cumin, garlic, marjoram, Mexican oregano and thyme. The herbs and spices, particularly the Mexican oregano and chilli peppers, are used in various ceremonies and traditional celebrations. The chilli peppers are given to tests the spice tolerance of participants during fiestas. Oregano, on the other hand, is believed by locals to alleviate various diseases and administered via its boiled leaves. Oregano is another traditional Mexican her that cures fever, cough and colds, sore throat problems and sometimes used to treat bruises, insect bites and mild pruritic or fungal infection when used in topical preparation (Koeller La France, 2005 p. 222). Another Mexican herb that provides utmost therapeutic effects is Ginger, which is technically a rhizome or underground stem. This is used in variety of meals ranging from simple porridge to complex traditional meal. Mexican ginger is good at alleviating gastrointestinal tract symptoms, such as motion sickness, gastric musculature or tachygastria and gastric immobility. It is usually prescribed by the locals for treating hyperacidity, and abdominal pains related to acidic conditions. Moreover, ginger is also used to treat conditions involving throat spasms by functioning as a throat relaxant and relieving throat irritation (Koeller La France, 2005 p. 222). Mexican culture and tradition involves variety of herbs that are, basically, the ingredients of most of their traditional meal such as the ever-famous burritos and nachos, and the wines and teas provide therapeutic benefits as well. San Francisco California Bay The Mexican American population is evidently present in the San Francisco California Bay area. From the San Franciscos Mission District to San Jose, Chicanos possesses the highest population index, ranging from 65% to 80% of the residents, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mexican immigrants feel at home in these areas already even if they are living with American citizens. However, population project is one major problem occurring at this point. Demographic studies predict that the greatest population growth rates of Mexican immigrants will be from the influx of undocumented individuals. Mexican immigrants are also expected to have high fertility rates, creating a younger generation of American-born children whose immigrant parents make an â€Å"at risk† population (Gilbert, 2000 p. 178). Cinco de Mayo and Mexican Restaurants Talking now about the famous Mexican restaurants found in the area, Cinco de Mayo Taqueria is the starting point of discussion. The name of Cinco de Mayo meand 5th day of May in Spanish, and denotes a regional celebration or holiday. Although this is not an obligatory holiday, there are lots of individual going and participating in this one time per year celebration. Cinco de Mayo, or May 5, commemorates the Mexican victory over the French army at The Battle Of Puebla in 1862. It is not, as many people think, Mexicos Independence Day, which is actually Sept. 16. During this Cinco de Mayo, many people are turning to tequila and cerveza, Spanish for beer, to celebrate another holiday that for some means nothing more than another excuse to drink exorbitant amounts of alcohol. Commonly misinterpreted as Mexicos Independence Day, Cinco de Mayos meaning has been clouded by partying. In Mexico, Cinco de Mayo is celebrated throughout the country, especially in the state of Puebla and in Mexico City. Military parades complete with marching bands and traditional music, pay tribute to all the soldiers, civilians and heroes who gave their lives for their country. The celebration lasts all day, with food, dancing, mariachi bands, laughter and fellowship (McClenahan, 2005). Ironically, celebrations of Cinco de Mayo are more widespread and elaborate in the United States. Mexican American communities in states such as Texas, California, and Arizona celebrate this occasion with parades, fairs, marchias, folkloric dance, and the best of all is the Mexican cuisines (McClenahan, 2005). Moreover, Cinco de Mayo of 1989 illustrates how women worked to bridge ethnic and racial groups in a public way while expressing their own identities. Cinco de Mayo is an ethnic festival, which is the same as St. Patrick’s Day, that has transcended ethnic barriers. The Mexican community and even other ethnic diversion from different places and culture gather in this party. In the United States, Cinco de Mayo is a major cultural festival, wherever significant numbers of people boast Mexican descent. Throughout the Southwest, people of all ethnicities gather to eat Mexican food and drink Mexican beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages (McClenahan, 2005). People from other ethnic origins join this huge festivity every year and celebrate the Mexican culture. The basic interest of other ethnic groups in joining this celebration is rarely due to historical reasons, but most of the time, to celebrate the exquisite characteristics and features of Mexican culture. Reference Balch, P. A. (2003). Prescription for Dietary Wellness. Avery. Dumois, L. (n.d. ). INSIDE MEXICO THE SERIES: THE SPIRIT OF WINE.Retrieved November 11, 2007, from http://www. mexconnect. com/mex_/travel/ldumois/ldcwine1. html Fox, M. , Whitesell, J. K. (1997). Organic Chemistry. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gilbert, M. N. (2000). Virtues of Soy: A Practical Health Guide and Cookbook. Upublish. com. Insel et. al, P. M. (2004). Nutrition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Koeller, K. , La France, R. (2005). Lets Eat Out! : Your Passport to Living Gluten and Allergy Free. R R Publishing. McClenahan, B. (2005, May 5). Oregon students celebrate Cinco de Mayo. University Wire, (n. d. ). Central Mexican Culture. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Colibri: http://www. colibrimexicanbistro. com/ (n. d. ). Mamacita. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Mamacita: http://www. mamacitasf. com/ (n. d. ). Tres Agaves. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Tres Agaves: http://www. tresagaves. com/about. html Peele, S. , Grant, M. (1999). Alcohol and Pleasure: A Health Perspective. Psychology Press. Spark, A. (2007). Nutrition in Public Health: Principles, Policies, and Practice. CRC Press.

Cheating Prevention in Multiplayer Online Games

Cheating Prevention in Multiplayer Online Games Shane Willcox Introduction One of the many modes within most games these days is playing with other players with Online Multiplayer. While most games have a multiplayer mode, some games are based and built for multiplayer. Multiplayer games are become extremely popular with millions of people playing them every day. Since Multiplayer games attract many players, there are always those people who go out of their way to find ways to cheat to gain advantages over others and sometimes ruin other player’s experiences playing against or with a cheater. Cheating in games have almost always been there right from the start, however cheats were single player only which is normally over looked as they only affect the game and the cheater and no one else, however with the evolution of gaming and multiplayer, cheating has spread to this type of gaming. Types of Cheating It can cost a company thousands to try and stop players that are using cheating methods by detecting and preventing them. (Yampolskiy(2008)). With Online multiplayer games there are many different types of cheats can be used if a game is not detecting and preventing cheats and can heavily damage the game and can receive complaints from the game’s community, some classes of cheats include: Reflex Augmentation which is using artificially intelligent (AI) computer assistant tools in order to perform actions that are faster than should be and also provides unfair precision humans could not possibly perform. For example the use of an aim-bot that can be used on some FPS’s (First Person Shooter) and aim-bots provide unfair precision on opponents giving the opponents no chance to react (Yampolskiy(2008)). Another is Authoritative Clients Utilizing meaning the hacking to altered commands (Yampolskiy(2008)). Information Exposure which getting access to hidden information. (Yampolskiy(2008)). On Example is a wall-hack which lets the cheat see through walls. Compromised Servers, which is the changing of game states at a server level. For Example using artificial lag (Yampolskiy(2008)). Exploits due to poor game design or overlooked features to take an unfair advantage within a certain game. For example in some Call of Duty games there are some map glitches which allows players to access parts of a multiplayer map that should not be able to be accessed, as well as game ruining glitches such as in Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2, there is an exploit that allowed players to get an unlimited amount of explosives that ruined most of the player’s experiences with explosives being insanely overpowered and unfair. Unfortunately there is a lot of cheating methods within the online community of games and some can impact players causing complains from fans and if the fans are reacting negatively that will undoubtable affect the game’s sales and cause the certain games to become unpopulated within the game’s servers as well as if the developers can fix and pervert the cheaters then the damage has already been done. One genre that can be affected by cheaters is FPSs. There reason for this is that FPS’s are some of the most popular games to be played online and their design can lead to cheats coming up with cheats that can gain advantage. One called a ‘wall-hack’ that lets the cheaters see enemies through game objects that should not be able to be seen through and therefore get can extreme advantage. However an aimbot is much more unfair. Aimbot and there Preventions An aimbot or aiming robot is essentially a type of tool that lets the user automatically lock on to the enemy players. This is done by having the aimbot gain prohibitive access to the internals of the game and gives the user the ability to acquire enemy targets instantly when the target is in a direct sight line (Yu(2012)) and sometimes even not user’s viewpoint even if game objects such as buildings and walls are in the game lets the players shoot through them, for example in the Call Of Duty or Battlefield series. This lets users to defeat targets with both speed and pinpoint accuracy even if the target is moving at high speed and human players are probably incapable of achieving this all the time, even if the player is extremely skilled with a game it is almost impossible. One method that could be used to detect aimbot behaviour is by having a Dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model incorporated into the game’s system. The DBN shows different kinds of variables that can determine whether a player is a cheater and shows that they have detected them. Some variables that can be looked at is if the player is moving, if the target is moving, if the aiming direction of the player has changed, and the distance between the player and the aiming target. (Yeung (2006)). Using this model is known as a ‘first order Markov process’, which is the making of prediction from information from the present state. The process is implemented because aiming is a process which is heavily dependent on what is happening in real time since when a player aimed adjustments are needed to keep accuracy on point such as control of recoil (if any) and rate of fire(Yeung(2006)). So if the game using the DBN sees there is pattern from a player and there is enough evidence that a certain player is using an aim bot with the variables supported, then the game can detect that the player is indeed a cheater (Yeung (2006)). Also data could be inputted into the game to tell the game to compared the accuracy of a player that is highly skilled with the game and have that as a comparison to use on players and if there is a player that is exceed the accuracy every time then they could also be detected. Lag-Switches and there prevention Common cheats normally happen on a gaming level due to the design of the game and cheats that can affect the actual gameplay and not the network latency of players. However cheaters have found a way to affect the latency for players and gain an unfair advantage. Firstly however network latency is the delay that players have when there is a communication of data over a server or network. This happens with any type of online game as the data from the entered commands that the players input is sent to the server of the game and then has the action happen. However cheaters have found ways to cheat over a network. A lag switchis a smallEthernetdevice that is installed to ahome networkand is connected between the gaming device and the homenetwork routerwhich enables the user to insert delays to the flow of traffic which is local to the Internet and is not related to the network switches that are normal. Activing a lag switch makes device run on a set timer and this blocks all traffic between the gaming device and the Internet within that period which causes artificial lag. So when the user has the lag switch in action, to others they look as if they are either frozen in place however the user moves freely and can freely kill the enemy player. Some points of view of a lag switcher are that they moving normally and in fact the opposing team are frozen in place when in their line of site. When the timer stops, the gaming device will re-synchronize with theonline game. However for a user to use lag switch they must be the host of the game on a host based server that most games had or still have and if the user is using a lag switch in a team based mode, then the lag switchers team is normally unaffected by the artificial lag(Bradley(n./a)). Lag Switches can be found on many online games or modes, such as Counter Strike, Call of Duty, MOBA’s (Multiplayer Online Battle Arena’s) and many more. Since network cheating is sometimes much harder to fix than other common cheats, there sometimes more expensive ways to combat network cheats such. Ways that game developers can stop the usage of lag switching is to use a DBN model again to maybe check if the players have common lag spikes however there can be a problem because if the game is are banning all the players with lag strikes, then some players might just have poor internet and get banned for no reason. So one of the best implementations to combat lag switchers and lag based cheats, is to use dedicated servers. Dedicated servers can be used by game companies to allow players to have a fair networking environment as well as the developers having control of the host mechanisms with each server players are playing on. Dedicated servers are essentially servers that are run by the developers of the game and they basically act as a non-playing player as the players connect a server that has a stable connection and enables high bandwidth instead of players connecting to a host that could have terrible internet quality. Dedicated Servers can stop Lag switchers because a lag switch user normally has to be the host of the game for them to cheat and use the full effects of a lag switch. However dedicated servers can be very expensive to implement depending on the size and popularity of the game. More Cheating Preventions While the above talked about cheat preventions for some popular methods of cheating, there is still some other prevention that should always be looked in to. Developers should have built-in cheating detection systems for everything that could be affected by cheaters. This means that they can detect or find unusual activities, and produce alarms (Chen (2005)). Have a Reporting system within the game, so that if a player encounters a cheater, then the player can report them or maybe have a system in place that lets players kick cheaters during gameplay, however there would need to be another system to see if the player accused of cheating is actually cheating. If there is an exploit is reported, then the developers can put patches in the form of updates to fix the exploits. Conclusion Overall there are a many ways when it comes down to the prevention of cheating within online multiplayer. With there being many types of cheats such as Reflex Augmentation, Information Exposure, Compromised Servers and Exploits, there is cheating preventions that can help stop them. For Example to stop one of the biggest cheats in FPS’s, an aimbot can be prevented by using a DBN model incorporated into the game’s system by having the model look at certain variables of players to determine of their actions are legit and are capable of being done by a Human player. Then the developers can decide what to do with players who have been detected of cheating. While another example of cheating however over a network is lags switch that is a piece of equipment that causes artificial lag to games. The user of a lag switch makes the opposing players lag by either having the user seem like they have frozen or by having the opponents freeze in when they are in direct sight of the user. The most affect combatant against this is the usage of dedicated servers as they are the hosts for servers instead of players and lag switchers need to be the host of a game in order for them to take advantage of a lag switch. When you compare the methods of using prevention on network cheating and game cheating, they are both very different because of each having different factors that the developers have to take into consideration, however they both can work to together to overcome the goal of prevention. This because with dedicated servers, since you can have the developers monitor the servers since the developers have full control of the host of each server and this gets rid of lag switches. References Yampolskiy, R.V. Yampolskiy, R.V. 2008, Detecting and Controlling Cheating in Online Poker, IEEE CCP, , pp. 848. Yu, S., Hammerla, N., Yan, J. Andras, P. 2012, A statistical aimbot detection method for online FPS games, IEEE, , pp. 1. Yeung, S.F., Lui, J.C.S., Liu, J. Yan, J. 2006, Detecting cheaters for multiplayer games: theory, design and implementation, , pp. 1178 Bradley, M., N/A, â€Å"What Is A Lag Switch?† http://compnetworking.about.com/od/consumerelectronicsnetworks/f/lag_switches.htm Chen, Y., Hwang, J., Song, R., Yee, G. Korba, L. 2005, Online gaming cheating and security issue, , pp. 518.

Modes of Expression of Anger in Adolescents

Modes of Expression of Anger in Adolescents Introduction Aggression is a behavior that harms the security of the sufferers and causes pain or injury to others. (Townsend, 2006) Anger can be expressed in different ways such aswords, fists, weapons etc. which may result in bitter outcomes. Aggression is common in both of the genders regardless of their age. Adolescents are the vulnerable population in terms of aggression which can cause negative outcomes in their late life and results in poor adjustments and academic difficulties. Risk Behavior and Target Population Problems of aggressive behaviors in adolescents are growing seriously day by day (Olweus, 2001). The behaviors involve aggression against colleagues, teachers and friends(Astor, Pitner, Benbenishty, Meyer, 2002). Aggression is a risk health behavior in adolescents which can lead to depression and suicidal attempts(Herrero, Este ´vez, Musitu, 2006).Adolescents who suppress their anger are at high risk to be depressed and experience the feeling of hopelessness. Moreover, suicidal attempts are more serious in such adolescents. In contrast, adolescents who express their anger are at high risk to have family related problems (Olweus, 2005). The association between aggressive behaviors in adolescents and social health problems are related to family issues and schooling adjustment issues (MusituGarcÄ ±Ã‚ ´a, 2004). Moreover, the aggressive adolescents show lower level of empathy (Olweus, 2005). Aggressive adolescents strive for social recognition (RodrÄ ±Ã‚ ´guez, 2004).Desir e of becoming powerful in adolescents leads to disruptive behavior (Buelga, Ravenna, Musitu, Lila, 2006). Therefore it is very important to assess the mode of anger expression in adolescents to identify their health risk behaviors. The target population is adolescents aged between 10 to 19 years. (Add who definition of adolescents) Rationales A questionnaire has been developed in order to assess the level and expression of aggressionamong adolescents. This questionnaire will also help to identify the sex, age differences and ethnic background of these adolescents.Furthermore, it will give an understanding of the risk factors for developing aggressive behaviors which is one of the important steps in developing the strategies for prevention of aggression. Gender, age educational status and ethnic background are important aspects in order to know the vulnerability of adolescents for aggression.(Goldberg, Sweeney, Merenda Hughes, 1997) Therefore, it is important to study these demographic variables because each individual is different from another individual. Aggression causes continues depressive symptoms such as loneliness, self-esteem and externalizing behavior in victimized adolescents. (Prinstein, Boergers, Vernberg, 2001). Adolescents with experience of aggression burst out their anger either verbally or physically. If anger is not managed properly, it results in poor social skills with cognitive distortions (Nelson Finch, 2000).Furthermore; it also leads to physical problems such as migraine, headaches, ulcers in adolescents (Townsend, 2006). Purpose, Variables and Hypothesis The aim of this research is to identify the modes of expression of anger in adolescents in relation to physical, psychological and social health risks. The independent variable is anger whereas physical, psychological and social health problems are dependent variable The hypotheses to be tested in the study are as follows: There is an association between suppression of anger and physical and psychological health problems There is an association between improper expression of anger and social health problems (interference with relationships) The hypothesis will be tested by using chi square test of independence because the level of measurement is qualitative categorical in nature. Chi square procedure is employed to test hypothesis because it best suites with form of data and study question. It is used to see the association between the two qualitative variables which do not show any causal relationship. Thus the chi-square statistic is used to test the hypothesis of association between two groups. The assumptions for chi-square test are taken into consideration when the data are qualitative categorical, the observed number in each category can be compared to an expected number and all the expected counts are greater than or equal to five. (add blueman reference here) Operational Definition Anger Anger is a strong emotion that creates a pressure inside you in response to a harm or wrong act experienced by you. Suppression of anger When an individual feels anger and do not express it. Inappropriate expression of anger When an individual feels anger and express it by harming others. Physical health problems When the normal functioning of the body is affected due to uncontrolled emotions like anger and leads to headache, ulcers etc. Psychological health problems When an individual’s ability to enjoy life and expression of emotions becomes maladaptive it leads to low self esteem and depression. Social health problems When an individual is unable to maintain healthy relationships with other people due to anger it leads to isolation. Questionnaire Analysis We filled the questionnaire as well as asked three other colleagues to fill the questionnaire and identified the difficulties which they faced during completing the form. One of the difficulties identified was problem in remembering the key for the questions on the second page as the key was written only on the first page and it was difficult to go back and forth to see the key. In order to resolve this problem, we will add the keys on the every page of the questionnaire. The Questionnaire Instructions Please read all the questions carefully, there is no right or wrong question. Use the key given below and circle the appropriate number which you think is most relevant to you. Demographic Data Age of respondent (in years): Birth order of the respondent: Gender of respondent: Class in which you read: Years of education: Number of family members: Number of siblings in the family: - Parent’s marital status: - Ethnicity of respondent: - Risk behavior data Key 1- Never, 2- Occasionally, 3- Often, 4- Frequently, 5- Always Do you get angry?12345 Do you express your anger?12345 Do you shout on others when you feel angry?12345 Do you beat others when you are angry?12345 Do you throw objects when you are angry?12345 Do you suppress your anger?12345 Do you feel headache when you are angry? 12345 Do you cry when you get angry?12345 Do you experience tremors when you get angry?12345 Do you isolate yourself when you get angry?12345 Do you share your feelings with your friends/siblings/parents when you are angry? 12345 Do you think recreational activities (music, games, outings etc.) can decrease your anger? 12345 Do you perform prayer when you get angry?12345 Do you feel bad about yourself when you get angry?12345 Do you feel relax after expression of your anger?12345 Do you continue your relationship with whom you expressed anger? 12345 Do you feel loss of control when you get angry?12345 Do you feel to take revenge from others?12345 Do you want to harm yourself?12345 Do you like fighting games and wrestling?12345 Do you say sorry to others after you express your anger to others? 12345 Do you accept sorry from others?12345 Do you think about the consequences of your actions? 12345 Do you reflect on your actions?12345 Do you feel difficulty in concentration due to anger?12345 Do your studies affect due to your anger?12345 References: Astor, R., Pitner, R. O., Benbenishty, R., Meyer, H. A. (2002). Public concern and focus on school violence.In L. A. Rapp-Paglicci, A. R. Roberts, J. S. Wodarski (Eds.), Handbook of violence. New York: Wiley. Buelga, S., Ravenna, M., Musitu, G., Lila, M. S. (2006). Epidemiology and psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescent’s drug consumption. In S. Jackson, L. Goossens (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent development. UK: Psychology Press. Goldberg, L. R., Sweeney, D., Merenda3, P. F., Hughes, J. E. (1997).Demographic variables and personality.Person Individ diff 24(3), 393-403. Herrero, J., Este ´vez, E., Musitu, G. (2006). The relationships of adolescent school- related deviant behavior and victimization with psychological distress: Testing a general model of the meditational role of parents and teachers across groups of gender and age. Journal of Adolescence, 29(5), 671–690. Musitu, G., GarcÄ ±Ã‚ ´a, F. (2004).Consecuencias de la socializacio ´ n familiar en la culturaespanËÅ" ola. Psicothema, 16, 288–293 Nelson, W. M., Finch, A. J., Ghee, A. C. (2006).Anger management with children and adolescents.Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures, 114-159. Olweus, D. (2001). Olweus, core program against bullying and antisocial behavior: A teacher handbook. Bergen: Research Centre for Health Promotion Olweus, D. (2005). Bullying at school: Data and intervention. In IX international meeting about biology and sociology of violence: violence and school, Valencia, Spain. Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of clinical child psychology, 30(4), 479-491. RodrÄ ±guez, N. (2004). Guerraenlasaulas [War in the classrooms]. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. Townsend, M. C. (2006). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concept of care in evidance-based practice. (5th ed.). Oklahoma: Davis companyPhildelphia.

Analysis Of Emily Dickensons C :: essays research papers

Analysis of Crumbling is not an instant Act by Emily Dickinson "Crumbling is not an instant’s Act'; is a lyric by Emily Dickinson. It tells how crumbling does not happen instantaneously; it is a gradual process occurring slowly and cumulatively over time. The structure of this poem is complex and it tied directly into the figurative meaning. This poem consists of three quatrains written in iamic meter but with no set number of feet per line. Also, the second and fourth lines of each quatrain thyme somewhat. Perhaps the most perplexing attribute of the structure is that Dickinson capitalizes words in mid-sentence that would not normally be capitalized. This could represent decaying objects; capitalized words represent things still standing and lowercase words represent things decayed. This poem is choppy at timed, but it flows smoothly at others. Long hyphens throughout the poem slow down reading speed. This could be compared to the rate of decay. Sometimes decay is rapid, sometimes it is slow. the last three parts of the poem’s structure help create its figurative meaning. Imagery is Dickinson’s main figurative tool in this poem. the idea that crumbling is progressive is supported by the last two lines of the first stanza, which state, “Dilapidation’s processes Are organized Decays'; This means that crumbling is a result of dilapidation, which is caused by gradual decay. The deterioration that results is progressive: one stage of decay leads to the next until crumbling inevitably comes along. The second stanza contains four images of decay: “cobweb, rust, dust and borer in the axis.'; These images are combined with specific details which give them a deeper meaning. The dust is a “cuticle,'; which suggests that it is at the edges. The “cobwebs on the soul'; suggest spiritual deterioration (cobwebs symbolizing neglect). “Elemental'; rust means basic corrosion and corruption. the “borer in the axis'; represents something that eats a person from the inside out. In the third stanza, the word “ruin'; is perhaps the most suitable word for describing both physical and spiritual collapse. “Devil’s work'; speaks for itself--the devil is evil, ruin is evil. this poem can describe any type o f ruin: personal, emotional, financial. The literal meaning of this poem is simple--ruin does not happen suddenly. It is actually a gradual process that is the result of continuous, small-scale decay.

Benjamin Franklin Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Benjamin Franklin-Scientist and Inventor Benjamin Franklin has influenced American technology, and indirectly, lifestyles by using his proficiencies and intelligence to conduct numerous experiments, arrive at theories, and produce several inventions. Franklin's scientific and analytical mind enabled him to generate many long lasting achievements which contributed to the development and refinement of modern technology. Few national heroes, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, played a more significant role in shaping the American way of life than Franklin. According to Fowler, "He personified the ideal of the self-made man, and his rise from obscurity to eminence exemplified the American dream" (32). Looby adds, "The study of Franklin's image for the past two centuries shows that his legacy had a distinctive place in American culture" (85). It has been felt by many people over the years that there was no United States inventor as great as Franklin until the time of Thomas A. Edison (Blow 24). Franklin's words to a friend in Pennsylvania, Joseph Huey, best explain his attitude not only toward what he considered his civic duties, but also his investigations as a scientist or philosopher. He made some of the most famous and certainly the most practical discoveries of his time. "For my own part, when I am employed in serving others, I do not look upon myself as conferring favours, but as paying debts. In my travels, and since my settlement, I have received much kindness from men, to whom I shall never have any opportunity of making the least direct return . . . I can therefore only return on their fellow men; and I can only show my gratitude for these mercies from God, by a readiness to help his other children and my Brethren" (Dineen 6). Wright quotes Franklin as saying, "As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others," and, "we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours" (19). Franklin summarizes his attitude toward his inventions by asking the question, "What signifies Philosophy that does not apply to some use?" (Fleming 21). Another time Franklin is quoted as saying, "Utility is in my opinion the test of value in matters of invention, and that a discovery which can be applie... ...ngame, Roger. Benjamin Franklin: Envoy Extraordinary. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1967. Clark, Ronald W. A Biography: Benjamin Franklin. New York: Random House, 1983. Cohen, I. Bernard. Benjamin Franklin: Scientist and Statesman. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. Dineen, Michael P. The Most Amazing American: Benjamin Franklin. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Country Beautiful, 1973. Donovan, Frank R. The Many Worlds of Benjamin Franklin. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1963. Fleming, Thomas. The Man Who Dared The Lightning: A New Look At Benjamin Franklin. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1971. Fowler, Mary J. Great Americans. Grand Rapids, Michigan: The Fideler Company, 1960 Looby, Christopher. Benjamin Franklin. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990. Meltzer, Milton. Benjamin Franklin: The New American. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988. Potter, Robert R. Benjamin Franklin. New Jersey: Silver Burdett Publishers, 1991. Seeger, Raymond J. Benjamin Franklin: New World Physicist. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973. Wright, Esmond. Franklin of Philadelphia. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986. Benjamin Franklin Essay example -- essays research papers fc Benjamin Franklin-Scientist and Inventor Benjamin Franklin has influenced American technology, and indirectly, lifestyles by using his proficiencies and intelligence to conduct numerous experiments, arrive at theories, and produce several inventions. Franklin's scientific and analytical mind enabled him to generate many long lasting achievements which contributed to the development and refinement of modern technology. Few national heroes, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, played a more significant role in shaping the American way of life than Franklin. According to Fowler, "He personified the ideal of the self-made man, and his rise from obscurity to eminence exemplified the American dream" (32). Looby adds, "The study of Franklin's image for the past two centuries shows that his legacy had a distinctive place in American culture" (85). It has been felt by many people over the years that there was no United States inventor as great as Franklin until the time of Thomas A. Edison (Blow 24). Franklin's words to a friend in Pennsylvania, Joseph Huey, best explain his attitude not only toward what he considered his civic duties, but also his investigations as a scientist or philosopher. He made some of the most famous and certainly the most practical discoveries of his time. "For my own part, when I am employed in serving others, I do not look upon myself as conferring favours, but as paying debts. In my travels, and since my settlement, I have received much kindness from men, to whom I shall never have any opportunity of making the least direct return . . . I can therefore only return on their fellow men; and I can only show my gratitude for these mercies from God, by a readiness to help his other children and my Brethren" (Dineen 6). Wright quotes Franklin as saying, "As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others," and, "we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours" (19). Franklin summarizes his attitude toward his inventions by asking the question, "What signifies Philosophy that does not apply to some use?" (Fleming 21). Another time Franklin is quoted as saying, "Utility is in my opinion the test of value in matters of invention, and that a discovery which can be applie... ...ngame, Roger. Benjamin Franklin: Envoy Extraordinary. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1967. Clark, Ronald W. A Biography: Benjamin Franklin. New York: Random House, 1983. Cohen, I. Bernard. Benjamin Franklin: Scientist and Statesman. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. Dineen, Michael P. The Most Amazing American: Benjamin Franklin. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Country Beautiful, 1973. Donovan, Frank R. The Many Worlds of Benjamin Franklin. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1963. Fleming, Thomas. The Man Who Dared The Lightning: A New Look At Benjamin Franklin. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1971. Fowler, Mary J. Great Americans. Grand Rapids, Michigan: The Fideler Company, 1960 Looby, Christopher. Benjamin Franklin. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990. Meltzer, Milton. Benjamin Franklin: The New American. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988. Potter, Robert R. Benjamin Franklin. New Jersey: Silver Burdett Publishers, 1991. Seeger, Raymond J. Benjamin Franklin: New World Physicist. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973. Wright, Esmond. Franklin of Philadelphia. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986.

Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) :: Essays Papers

Huck Finn3 Characters found in Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn are shown as being victims of the times through their ignorance to the possibility that all men are equal no matter what color skin one has. Pap, Huck’s father, is the most ignorant character within the book. He blatantly comes out and tells the reader his feeling of blacks, while a character such as Tom isn’t so obvious. Along with these two characters, the Royal Nonesuch and the Phelps’s friends display an ignorance of the times. Huck displays ignorance at its best, and shows that with a little love, it can easily be diminished. Throughout the book characters reveal their basis towards black people through the various situations. The most racist of the characters was Pap. He refused to believe that blacks and whites were equal. Pap walked around with a superior attitude because he was white, which was a common attitude of his time. While some characters, such as Huck, had sympathy towards blacks, Pap did not care for them at all. He thought it to be quite absurd that a free slave â€Å"had a gold watch and chain and a silver-headed cane† while Pap had nothing (24). He was disgusted with the fact that this free slave was allowed to vote and he said, â€Å"I’ll never vote ag’in as long as I live,† to stress how much he despised blacks (24). Pap believed the government to be corrupt because it couldn’t â€Å"sell a free nigger till he’s been in the state six months† (24). He even went on to tell the reader that the free slave was a â€Å"prowling, thieving, infernal, white-shirted nigger† only because he had a different color skin than Pap (24). He never had anything nice to say about blacks, and constantly looked down on them. Twain used Pap’s character. Tom’s ignorance was a lot more subtle than Pap’s. His ignorance was not shown until much later in the book when Huck tells Tom that he is going to â€Å"steal† Jim back. Huck was surprised when Tom said he was going to help Huck steal Jim because Huck thought that Tom would say, â€Å"it’s dirty, low-down business† (203). Huck, knowing that Tom â€Å"was respectable and well brung up; and had a character to lose,† could not figure out why Tom would help steal a slave (210).

CACHE Early Years Education And Care Essay

1.1 and 1.2: Physical care needs for children in relation to nappy changing, would be keeping children clean and dry, by changing soiled nappies as soon as possible. Making sure to wear an apron and gloves, use the right sized nappy and by using the appropriate wipes and creams (if needed). Toilet training routine care needs would be asking children to go to the toilet at regular intervals. Learning to wipe, clean them selves up and to flush. Making sure they wash and dry their hands after use of toilet. Washing and bath time care needs would be to make sure water is not to hot or cold. Seeing that hands, face and body are thoroughly cleaned with appropriate soap and either sponge or flannel. Skin care would include making sure it is clean. Seeing that the right creams and ointments are used for cuts, sores and certain skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis etc). Having noses wiped, and tissues then being put into a bin and making sure coughs and sneezes are covered then washing hands af ter. Teeth care is to make sure that teeth are brushed at least twice a day with a suitable toothbrush and toothpaste that is appropriate for each age group and needs of each child. Hair care includes having hair washed with a suitable shampoo and conditioner ( if conditioner is needed). Having hair brushed everyday at least once. Making sure hair is cut and maintained regularly (checked for head lice etc). Mealtime care routines differ between ages of children. Babies would require temperature-controlled formula in a sterilised bottle around every 3-4 hours, with them being winded during and after each feed. Toddlers would require food easy to chew (blended or soft foods), at least 3 times a day with plenty of fluids in between. Young children would eat a variety of normal foods, and would learn how to eat with a fork, knife and spoon etc. They would be taught to wash hands before eating and to sit appropriately at a table. The children would be encouraged to ask for more should they want it and help themselves to pouring drinks etc. 1.3: Non- routine physical care would be required if a child was to have an accident, e.g. wet or soiled themselves, fall over or split something which  needed cleaning or clothes changing. Other non-routine care would be if a child was to become ill e.g. be sick, has an allergic reaction etc. 1.4: Benefits in working in partnership with parents/carers is the information received for each individual child and creates a good relationship which builds confidence for everyone.. Parents can learn from you and you can learn from parents. For example knowing which child has allergies or certain medical conditions. Which child takes medication or has behavioural issues. Also to find out if there are any cultural issues or language barriers. Children can be different at home/school therefore there is a need to work together to reduce this effect, by working together can help with synchronising routines, e.g. no good doing something one way at home and another way at setting. Having care plans set in place for each child and having all issues, needs and likings/dislikings for each child can be maintained and can continue at home during holidays, weekends etc. Good working partnership helps parents feel empowered and not excluded from treatment plans etc. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 2.1: Hygienic practice to sterilising equipment is to make sure ands and surface areas around sterilised equipment are washed. Then make sure all feeding and preparation equipment is washed in hot soapy water. Use bottle/teat brushes to clean and make sure all previous feed is removed from inside and outside of bottles/teats, then rinse all under tap once cleaned. If using a commercial steriliser then you would need to follow the manufactures instructions. If boiling then make sure all bottles, teats etc are fully submerged with no air bubbles. Cover and boil at least for 10mins. It is best to remove equipment. Hygienic practice for preparing formula feeds is to clean hands and all surfaces before preparation. It is best to make up feeds just before use. Use fresh boiled water and then leave to cool. Once cooled, use the exact amount of formula as instructed then re-assemble bottle. Shake bottle making sure everything well mixed. Holding under tap or put in container cool formula to right feeding temperature. Always check temperature of feed on the inside of wrist by squirting a few  drops, before giving it to baby. Always discard any left over feed after 2hours. 2.2: There are all varieties of formula milk, so they should be used in accordance to the needs of each child, as certain children may need a different formula to another child. Using the wrong formula, adding to much/little or not having the feed, at the right temp can affect the health of babies. If the feed has been left or stored to long it can cause the growth of bacteria. If the person or surrounding areas have not been washed/cleaned thoroughly that can also cause bacteria growth, and bacteria transfer onto sterilised equipment. If equipment has not been cleaned or sterilised properly then that can also cause bacteria to grow and not be eliminated. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 3.1: The role of an early years practitioner in relation to hand washing would be to make sure hands are washed thoroughly before preparing meals/snacks times and also afterwards. Hands should also be washed after changing and toileting. In relation to food hygiene hands must always be washed, then put on gloves and apron before handling/preparing foods. Food should stored in the correct tubs etc and at the right temperature. Food preparation areas should be cleaned thoroughly and different equipment should be used for different food types, to stop cross-contamination. Spillages should be cleaned up straight away to prevent accidents, staining and contamination etc, with the appropriate equipment (cloths, paper towels, mops). All waste should be disposed into the right bins, bags etc and then removed into an outdoor bin at the end of each day. When preparing foods, changing children, cleaning spillages and disposing of waste, an early years practitioner should always make sure hands have been washed before and after. They should always wear an apron and gloves where appropriate. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 5.1: Rest and sleep needs differ from each child and each age group. For  example a 6-week-old baby will usually require around 15-16 hours per day. Most of these would be during the night and baby would probably be having around 3-4 naps per day. At 6 weeks, a baby will more than likely still be waking for feeds during the night. At 7 months a baby would be falling into a sleep pattern of around 11 hours each night, with around 2 naps during the day consisting of around 1-2 hours each. Most 7 month olds would be sleeping through the night. When it comes to children of 15 months old, sleep patterns change again. Most 15 month olds will be sleeping through the night for around 13 hours. They will need 1 nap during the day or 2 quick rest naps. These sleep patterns will usually stay the same till around the age of 3 years. Sleep and rest patterns for children aged 4-5 years would be around 10-12 hours a night without day naps. By the age of 6-7 years children would have around 8-10 hours a night also without daytime naps. All children will rest and sleep better if they have the same routine nap an bedtime each day/night. The sooner a child gets into a routine the better it can be for them settling. 5.2: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby, where no cause is found. While SIDS is rare, it can still occur and there are steps parents and take to help reduce the risks. Things you can do would be to always place your baby on their back to sleep. Keep your baby smoke free during and after birth. Have covers no higher than baby’s shoulders and tuck them in. Have baby sleep in your room for the first 6 months in a cot, crib or moses basket. Use a firm, flat and waterproof mattress in good condition and place baby in â€Å"feet to foot† position. The things to avoid would be to never sleep in a chair or on a sofa with your baby. Don’t sleep in the same bed as your baby, if you smoke or have been drinking or taking drugs etc. Don’t let your baby get to hot or cold and don’t use loose coverings. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children N1: 6.1: Measles is a highly infectious viral illness that can be very unpleasant and can sometimes lead to serious complications that can sometimes be fatal.  These include bacterial infection in the lungs (pneumonia) and the brain (encephalitis). Measles is caused by a virus spread in droplets and is very easy to be caught by those who have not been vaccinated. Typical symptoms of measles include fever, cough, conjunctivitis and a rash. Complications are even quite common in healthy people, and about 20% of reported measles cases experience one or more complication. Most people who are at risk of developing serious complications are babies younger than 12 months, children in poor health, teenagers and adults. 6.2: The first MMR vaccinations are usually given when your child is about 13 months old. A second is usually given before your child starts school. Adults and 6-13 month old children can also have the MMR vaccine if they are at risk of catching measles, if there is an outbreak of measles in your local area, or if you have been in close contact with someone who has measles. 6.3: There are parents who decide against having their children immunised, for a variety of reasons. For example some cultures or religions do not like or believe in having immunisations. Most go against immunisation because of a published document by a Dr Wakefield, claiming that the MMR vaccine is linked to Autism. Even though Dr Wakefield’s study were found to be faked, some parents still don’t want their children to receive the MMR vaccine. Unit 1.3 Y/505/9283 Support physical care routines for children 7.1: Supporting children in physical care routines in relation to toileting, would be to have potties and toilet seats. To encourage children to use the toilet and to wash, dry and flush after toilet use. Have posters or pictures cards of actions which the children could follow,(like 1,2,3 steps Wipe,Flush,Wash,Dry etc.) on the walls or cubicle doors. In relation to washing, all children are encouraged to wash and dry their hands after toilet use, before meals/snack times and after doing certain activities (painting, sticking etc). Mealtime children are encouraged to get their own plates, cups etc, to have their hands washed and an apron on. They are also encouraged to feed themselves with the use of cutlery (if of appropriate age). Unit 1.3 question answers, 1.1, 1.2 and 5.1 also relate to the above. Unit 2.1 K/505/9286 An introduction to the role of the early years practitioner 2.1: People communicate to express needs, emotions and to share ideas. They also communicate to express feelings and to socialise. You also need to communicate to share experiences and to ask questions or to complain about things. Communication is also good for helping others to understand things. People communicate to establish and maintain relationships with others. Communication also helps with receiving and giving instructions and for getting information. It helps to share opinions and give encouragement. There are different ways of communicating either orally, hand signing or even written. Looking at body language is also a use of communication. 2.2: Communication is essential for carer to meet the needs of each individual child and their families. Communicating clearly and openly with other members of staff, the manager so as to make sure that the best possible care is provided and that this is done so reliably. This will help build your relationship and trust with colleagues and develop your role and theirs within the workplace. It ensures any health and safety or any other issues are recognised and reported accordingly, keeping others informed of current situations. It is also vital so parents and agencies/professionals, can inform or instruct their needs and issues with the carer or establishment of a child. Communication between a practitioner and child, is essential to build the childs confidence and helps promote good behaviour. Being a positive role model in the setting is vital to bond relationships to interact with others, helping the child to settle better and have an effective developments in all areas. Having good communication with parents also helps build a successful relationship with their child which then helps parents begin to have confidence and trust in us, that we can take care of their child. It is very important to have good communication with other agencies like Social Workers, Speech and Language/Therapist or other professionals who are involved in providing and  dealing with all childrens needs, to work together as part of a team, with consistency in their work. This helps by each individual knowing where they stand and where they need to progress further in helping to meet the needs of each child and their families.